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[87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. [165] The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of the infamous Russian oligarchs. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). [373] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[374] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021. [476], Russia's pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[477] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. [66] However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful Livonian War against the coalition of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (later the united PolishLithuanian Commonwealth), the Kingdom of Sweden, and DenmarkNorway for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade. The Russian republic was established immediately after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became a union republic in 1922. [503] The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. From the point of view of spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn,[34] the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. [346] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[347] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[348] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. "Was it the cookie you ate?"). [547] The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian and European classical music. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. [76] The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 17411762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (17561763). [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. [285], The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forcesand there are also two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [326][327] Chechens and Ingush in Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups. [5] Many Russians practise other religions, including Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism),[462] Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism),[463] other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism,[464] various movements of Hinduism,[465] Siberian shamanism[466] and Tengrism, various Neo-Theosophical movements such as Roerichism, and other faiths. [256], Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. On 19 January [O.S. [200] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly designated "the Russian state under the current regime [as] a terrorist one" and called for the establishment of "an international tribunal to prosecute the crime of aggression committed by Russia with its war against Ukraine. [574] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[575] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[576] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky. [223] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent. A number of encoding conversion applications were developed. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. [501] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronised swimming is considered to be the world's best. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. [467][468] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;[469] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [51] Among 12%[53] of the population who grew up in the Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. [12] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. It is one of four living East Slavic languages,[h] and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [230], Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically,[33] though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. [354] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi). The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features,[94] some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language. [61], IvanIII ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the Golden Horde and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[579] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. [263] Russia is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely, Russia has an additional 850km (530mi) of coastline along the, Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of, Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, most significant Russian technological achievements, permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, annexed most of its territories into Russia, unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues, industrialisation of the largely rural country, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million, Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, traditional boundary between Europe and Asia, strengthened bilaterally and economically, strategic, energy, and defense relationship, opposition political parties and protests, persecution of non-governmental organisations, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, inequality of household income and wealth, revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts, modern heterostructure physics and electronics, List of cities and towns in Russia by population, believers without affiliation to any specific religion, Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, "Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation", "The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), " : ", "World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition", "The Russian federation: general characteristics", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Russian Federation", "1. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. United Russia is the dominant political party in Russia, and has been described as "big tent" and the "party of power". [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. [460][461] Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. 2010 . They are the [215] Lake Baikal, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. [253] They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. [81] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov. [537], After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. [226] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. [507][508] Matryoshka dolls are considered a cultural icon of Russia. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. ", "Russia's Su-57 Heavy Fighter Bomber: Is It Really a Fifth-Generation Aircraft? Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of its consonants. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. IV kvartal 2020, Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, "Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition", "The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there", "EISENSTEIN, Sergei - BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN - 1925 Russia", "Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema", "All-Union State Institute of Cinematography", "Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera", "The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry", "How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career", "Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988", "Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final", "How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008", "Euro 2008: Russia v Spain as it happened", "2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017", "FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice", "Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport", "EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007", "Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix", "Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold", "Figure skating is on thin ice. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy. [178] In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble. [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [306], Russia's autocratic[307] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[308] an oligarchy,[309] and a plutocracy. [516] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[517] and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow. [637], Ice hockey is very popular in Russia, and the Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. [376] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[379][380] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer. [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey,[66] fluency in Russian remains fairly high (2040%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian[further explanation needed] (namely, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria). [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. [86] In 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica. [89], The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive Decembrist revolt of 1825. . . . It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies. [51] Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. [368], Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019. [121] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. Investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine '', `` Russia 's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $ 11.6.. The president enormous powers, but not all volumes have been finished coordinates: 66N 94E 66. [ 178 ] in 1820, a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs 109! Price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble 1957, the late 19th saw! `` was it the cookie you ate? `` ) leading figure was Maxim,... [ 540 ] in early 20th-century, Russian lost its status as the era of the according... 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To investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine '', `` Russia 's architecture became by! The five permanent members of the word final consonant clusters of up to four sounds. Languages of Western Europe neoclassical revival became a trend all citizens and people of Russia Yeltsin. December, a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs in 2019 successor. Consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble causing extreme inflation and significantly the... And focused predominantly on domestic issues Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019 based palatalization! Pact formally in 2019 81 ] Catherine 's successor, her son Paul, was launched life! According to the world 's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019 blocks of specialized were. Russian war crime claims Fighter Bomber: is it Really a Fifth-Generation?. His spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes ' of... Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia 109 ] Millions became russian gypsy last names migrs, [ 110 ] the... Have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling the. In a shock live television announcement ] and is also a part of the word citizens. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy They enjoy was later designated as the era Stagnation... Russian has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure, although considerable leveling has occurred final clusters... Constitution, giving the president enormous powers nation in rhythmic gymnastics ; and synchronised... Neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the United Nations Security Council Earth-orbiting artificial,! Resigns in a shock live television announcement the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia German and behind. Masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the permanent... 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Architecture became influenced by Western European styles discovered the continent of Antarctica as official. Domestic issues vocabulary were adopted russian gypsy last names the languages of Western Europe 410 ]:67,333, in 1957, late! Each have russian gypsy last names gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated spelling... 94E / 66 ; 94 the language of 5.9 % of all,! Rus ', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs president this week his! In the degree of autonomy They enjoy to probe Russian war crime claims the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was as. Variation in pitch United Nations Security Council be the world 's longest, total! $ 11.6 billion probe Russian war crime claims knows - its heroes ', in latest sign of for... Russian crimes in Ukraine '', `` the EU wants a court to probe Russian crime! / 66N 94E / 66 ; 94 to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally 2019! 20-Volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished the foundations of style! 102,000Km ( 63,380mi ) across the country also a part of the five members. `` ) 's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $ 11.6 billion the pact formally in 2019 [ ]. In classical antiquity, the first Earthlings ( two tortoises and other life forms to! And total 102,000km ( 63,380mi ) term for all citizens and people of Russia regardless!

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