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Territorial claims in Antarctica include all lands and each and every ice shelf under the 60th parallel south, or it is at least how the Antarctic Treaty deals with the aforementioned claims. [186] Other member nations of the Antarctic Treaty do not recognize any claim, yet have shown some form of territorial interest in the past. By 1959, 12 countries came together to create the 1959 Antarctica Treaty: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R. (Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Majority of Mammals found on or in the seas surrounding Antarctica, such as Seals, Orcas, Penguins and Whales, due to the conditions on Antarctica, it makes it hard for any vegetation to survive the conditions, which means only invertebrates such as mites and lice can be found on Antarcticas land. We can't always stay in 5-star hotels. [93] In addition, Antarctica stores around 70% of global freshwater as ice. [199] The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Under the treaty, mining, military use, dumping, and nuclear testing are all banned. There are three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). The ozone hole above Antarctica is predicted to slowly disappear; by the 2060s, levels of ozone are expected to have returned to values last recorded in the 1980s. This is the largest unclaimed area in Antarctica and covers over 1,600,000 square kilometers. Antarctica is a unique continent in that it does not have a native human population. NA. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. Contact Us Antarctica was never colonized due to the harsh climate and conditions, so the land remained open and relatively free from territorial disputes. In many places, continental ice sheets extend from the continent forming massive ice shelves. [184] Decisions are based on consensus, instead of a vote. An alternative five-continent model is the one adopted, among others, by the Olympic Charter, which excludes Antarctica as uninhabited and lists the following five: Africa . While France laid claim to a portion of the continent in 1840, the majority of claims wouldn't come until the early-to-mid 1900s, courtesy of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Norway, Australia, Chile, Argentina, and Germany. The Adelie Land meteorite, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. [135], In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. However, as can be expected of any place on Earth where interests of various countries collide, waters get muddied rather abruptly. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic. [160], During the Nimrod Expedition led by the British explorer Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. [131][132] The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in cold, methane-rich environments. 7 continents of the world. Mount Aconcagua, located in the Andes Mountains in Argentina near Chile is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere. On the other hand, it shies away from denouncing the claims that are already in place. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. It is also the world's highest, driest, windiest, coldest, and iciest continent. The cooling strengthens the polar vortex and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet. [146] The American sealer Nathaniel Palmer, whose sealing ship was in the region at this time, may also have been the first to sight the Antarctic Peninsula. [75] Conversely, the South Pole, located in East Antarctica, barely warmed during much of the 20th century, but temperatures rose three times the global average between 1990 and 2020. [69] Average temperatures can reach a minimum of between 80C (112F) in the interior of the continent during winter and a maximum of over 10C (50F) near the coast in summer. [115], A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year was released in 2010. The clouds act as catalysts for chemical reactions, which eventually lead to the destruction of ozone. All but a small portion of the region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. Over the past 50 years, ice cores have Expressed more about climate change and climate hotspots than any other scientific technique. Other associated Triassic flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and sphenopsids. At the continent's edge, strong katabatic winds off of the polar plateau often blow at storm force. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. 1. Since it was instituted, the treaty has grown to include 54 parties, most of which have established research bases on the continent. [58], West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several continental plates, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. Visit a Science Research Station. As CO2 levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica. Dozens of research stations, some year-round and others seasonal, operate in Antarctica under the guidance of around 30 individual countries. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships. Several dependent territories include sub-Antarctic islands north of 60S. 1. T&C Policy As weve already established, there are no countries in Antarctica, and making a list of such countries would be absolutely redundant. This is further divided into ice-free area of 280,000 square kilometers and ice-covered area of 13,72 square kilometers. [183], Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is the only continent in the world uninhabited by Homo sapiens. guarantees continued freedom to conduct scientific research. Antarctica (/ n t r k t k / ()) is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent.Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole.Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km 2 (5,500,000 sq mi). [1] New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015, Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. The treaty regulates the international relations between all countries to . [163], The American explorer Richard E. Byrd led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised tractors. [101], Scientists have studied the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica since the 1970s. Countries and their Capitals: Out of the 7 continents, Antarctica is situated at the South Pole and is . The 23 countries of the Middle East, North Africa, . The always up-to-date list of all countries of the world in alphabetical order A Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C [118] The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the Adlie penguin breed farther south than any other penguin. With so many different fields requiring a decent amount of regulation in order for all these countries to coexist and focus on science rather than causing conflicts, the need arose for an all-encompassing system to fulfill that role. [84] The average extent of sea ice around Antarctica has changed little since satellites began to observe the Earth's surface in 1978; which is in contrast with the Arctic, where there has been rapid sea ice loss. The Antarctica borders are surrounded by the Southern Ocean. They are vulnerable to warming water, which has caused large ice shelves to collapse into the ocean. Strangely enough, the largest land animal in Antarctica is the flightless antarctic midge ( Belgica antarctica ), which is less than 1.3cm in length, crazy right!? Antarctica has no permanent human population. This is an Antarctica region that covers a landmass of 2.7 million square kilometers. Labeled Map of Antarctica. [154][155][156][note 5] The American explorer Mercator Cooper landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853. [27], From the end of the Neoproterozoic era to the Cretaceous, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Chile. There are no countries in Antarctica. [72] In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and desiccated landscape. [167] Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. [161] Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the south Polar Plateau. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. The continent of Australia is the smallest of the seven continents.List of Countries in Australia. [109][110], Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. Retrieved November 3, 2020. [38] Ginkgo trees, conifers, Bennettitales, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. Even though it is not a country, it is the coldest region on Earth and is covered in snow all year round. Geographical features, such as ice caps, are shown as they are today for identification purposes, not as how they appeared at these times. They even put a meteorological station in the region. The Roman authors Gaius Julius Hyginus and Apuleius used for the South Pole the romanised Greek name polus antarcticuscode: ell promoted to code: el ,[6] from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern ple antarctiquecode: fra promoted to code: fr ) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik, found first in a treatise written by the English author Geoffrey Chaucer. Still, seven countries have territorial claims Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom but those claims are largely ignored. During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. [112] The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6mm (14in) in size. [76] In February 2020, the continent recorded its highest temperature of 18.3C (64.9F), which was 0.8C (1.4F) higher than the previous record attained in March 2015. I think thats Halloween is a time to let loose and try something new. One of the most amazing facts about Antarctica. [1], Over the second half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula was the fastest-warming place on Earth, closely followed by West Antarctica, but temperatures rose less rapidly during the early 21st century. [182] Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the South Pole, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragoza respectively. [209], Antarctica provides a unique environment for the study of meteorites: the dry polar desert preserves them well, and meteorites older than a million years have been found. Learning geography is one of the most important aspects of human knowledge. [117], There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. Brazil currently has a "zone of interest" but not an actual claim. It covers size of 14,000,000 sq km and population of only 1,106. In the age of globalization and new technologies it is significant to know geography of other countries especially their capitals. Country Population 2019 Area GDP - Per Capita Flag Map Capital Largest City by Pop. Color coding of the pins reflects the region each place is associated with. Coldest Countries Today. To truly grasp the ridiculousness of these claims, just consider the fact that Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdoms proposed territories overlap, which can be seen on any map of Antarctica that features borders. This organism is known for its tolerance to extreme conditions and is mainly used in experiments that simulate space conditions. [note 2] Rivers exist in Antarctica, the longest being the Onyx. [53] Since about 15Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice. Practice Your Photography. Ognia. 14. Telephone. A little-known fact about Antarctica is that it is the largest desert on Earth. I havent met a single person who doesnt enjoy seeing the ocean. The Best Things To Do In Antarctica. [40][41] Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains,[42] and Antarctopelta, Trinisaura, Morrosaurus and Imperobator from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described. For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. This is a group of islands situated in the Southern Ocean 604 kilometers north of the Antarctic Peninsula. 1,600,000 square kilometers and ice-covered area of 280,000 square kilometers is significant know! Between all countries to several dependent territories include sub-Antarctic islands north of Antarctic. 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